Fine and graphic arts products for enabling amateurs and others to select and utilize color materials with optical results of increased predictability

ABSTRACT

A limited number of predetermined, systematically identified color materials are predeterminedly arranged in an array of distinguishable groups of colors of like &#39;&#39;&#39;&#39;value,&#39;&#39;&#39;&#39; with reference to the terms &#39;&#39;&#39;&#39;hue,&#39;&#39;&#39;&#39; &#39;&#39;&#39;&#39;value&#39;&#39;&#39;&#39; and &#39;&#39;&#39;&#39;chroma&#39;&#39;&#39;&#39; as used in the &#39;&#39;&#39;&#39;Munsel1 Color System&#39;&#39;&#39;&#39; (or with reference to equivalent terms as used in analogous systems). The user, in working with the array, efficaciously is enabled to create a particular color of predicted optical character by mixing given colors from a particular group of premixed colors of like &#39;&#39;&#39;&#39;value.

iiriiied Siaies Paieni Inventor Nathaniel]. Jacobsen,

7 Harvard StQIB FooTline, Mass. 0214M Appl. No. 78,644 Filed Uct. 6, 1970 Patented Dec. 21, 19711 Continuation of application Ser. No. 694,736, Dec. 29, 1967, now abandoned. This application Oct. 6, i970, Ser. No. 78,644

lillNE AND GRAPHIC ARTS PRODUCTS F OR ENAWLTNG AMATEURS AND QTIHERS T0 SlElLlECT AND lJ'lllLllZE CULOR MATERIALS WllTlll OPTICAL RESULTS OF INCREASED IPRIEDIICTABIILIITT 2 Claims, 7 Drawing Figs.

ILLS. Cl 35128.5 lint. Cl G09b Ill/00 ll ield oil Search 35/283, 28.5

References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,957,816 5/1934 B raeg U, 35/283 X 2,007,264 7/1935 Allen 35/283 824,374 6/1906 Munsell 35/285 2,878,590 3/1959 Dodge 35/285 FOREIGN PATENTS 233,428 9/l958 Australia 35/285 796,256 6/1958 Great Britain 35/285 Primary Examiner- Harland S. Skogquist Attorney-Morse, Altman & Oates ABSTRACT: A limited number of predetermined. systematically identified color materials are predeterminedly arranged in an array of distinguishable groups of colors of like value, with reference to the terms hue," value" and chroma" as used in the Munsel, Color System" (or with reference to equivalent terms as used in analogous systems). The user, in working with the array, efficaciously is enabled to create a particular color of predicted optical character by mixing given colors from a particular group of premixed colors of like value.

WENWUMW Ian 13 3 0 SHEET 1 UF 3 WHITE SCALE OF VALUE PB P SCALE OF HUE 7/ i RP H B BG z| l23456189lo m 1H 5/ 4 SCALE OF CHROMA 2O GY 2 Y BLACK INVENTOR.

ATTORNEYS HEW mm mm SHEET 2 OF 3 .I 2 3 Z 4 4 K K m m? m z m z m w w w N 0 DO E DE 8 E 8 S S I A A E E m m m mm mam Mm Mm m m m AC EAC WC EMWC n 1 U L D A WW II N L WIN a F a 4 N G L m m ATTORNEYS IFTNE AND GTiAlPlI-IIIC ANTS IPIITODIUCTS IFOIII IIINASIJIING AMATEURS AND OTHERS TU SELECT ANllIi UTIILIIZE CQLQIIEI MATIEIITIALS WIITIHI OIPTIICAL TTIESIUILTS T IINCIITEASIEID PlklElD/IICTANILITII This application is a continuation of copending U.S. Ser. No. 694,736, filed Dec. 29, 1967, and now abandoned.

BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to the fine and graphic arts and, more particularly, to products for enabling amateurs and others to select and utilize color materials, with optical results of increased predictability.

Although the science of color has undergone considerable development, difficulties have been encountered in enabling amateurs and others to apply existing theoretical knowledge in a practical manner. An amateur painter, for example, typically has acquired a supply of different pigments, whose range of colors have been limited by the inherent chemical characteristics traditionally available. This range of colors bears little direct relationship to either recent optical-chemical advances or to a conceptual understanding of the order of color and its theoretical possibilities in composition. Only after long and costly experience in dealing with the complexity of mixing random pigments or like materials is the painter able to achieve his desired color objectives. The present invention contemplates enabling a user to apply existing theoretical knowledge inherently by the provision of a specific organization of premixed, measured, color materials. Many systems have been developed for the purpose of making a theoretical organization of the characteristics of color. These have involved the establishment of common terms for color notation and communication. While this invention is compatible with all systems of measured color arrangements, the specific notations presently employed in identifying the visual color factors of color media are identical with those used in the Munsell Color System. The physical terms hue," value" and chroma," as defined in the Munsell Color System, are used below to characterize the color materials describedhue referring to the position of a color sensation in the spectrum (e.g. blue, blue-green, etc.), value referring to the luminosity of a color in comparison with a measured standard of varying degrees of light and dark (i.e. ability to evoke the sensation of brightness in the human eye), and chroma referring to the purity of a color (i.e. the degree of departure of a color sensation from neutral gray toward the most intense color sensation of a particular position in the spectrum). Again it will be understood that analogous terms of other color systems could be substituted for the terms used herein.

It has been found that predicting the color that will result from mixing two or more known colors is relatively simple and easy when the known colors being premixed are of the same value and is relatively complex and difficult when the known colors are not of the same value. The present invention takes advantage of this fact by organizing color materials in such a way as to inherently program the selection of given colors for mixing in order to achieve predicted color results. The primary object of the present invention is to provide a kit of containers of color materials, a palette supporting color materials, a chart displaying color materials, or the like, in which the color materials are positioned mechanically in an array of visually isolated groups of different colors, the values of the colors within any group being substantially the same and the values of the colors of different groups being different. Typically such an array includes between four and eight groups of between three and six colors, each group having a different value. Preferably each group contains the colors yellow, bluepurple, red and green, which have been found to possess extreme versatility for mixing, when of like value.

Other objects of the present invention will in part be obvious and will in part appear hereinafter.

The invention accordingly contemplates the products characterized by components, characteristics and relationships, the scope of which will be indicated in the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING For a fuller understanding of the nature and objects of the present invention, reference is to be had to the following detailed description, taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 11 illustrates certain principles of color notation upon which the present invention is based;

FIG. 2 is a kit of pigments embodying the present invention;

FIG. 3 and 3A is a palette embodying. the present invention; and

HG. A, AA and AB is a color chart with overlays and masks in accordance with the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTlON As suggested above, the Munsell Color System is a scientific technique for describing and analyzing color in terms of three physical attributes, identified as hue, value and chroma. This system, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 824,374, June 26, 1906 in the name of Albert II. Munsell for Color Chart or scale, arranges the three attributes of color into orderly scales of equal visual steps, so that the attributes are dimensions or parameters by which color may be analyzed and described accurately under standard conditions of illumination. FIG. ll diagrammatically illustrates the relationships among these physical attributes in three dimensions. I-Iue is shown as a circular band 20 in a horizontal plane. The hue of a color indicates its relation to the five principal hue terms, red, yellow, green, blue and purple, which with five subdivisions, yellow-red, greenyellow, blue-green, purple-blue and red-purple, constitute the 10 major hue terms. Value is shown as an axial post 22 in ver tical relation to the plane of band 20. The value of a color indicates the degree of lightness or darkness of a color in relation to a neutral gray scale, designated by N which N 0/ extends from a theoretically pure black symbolized by N 0/ to a theoretically pure white symbolized as N 10/. A gray or a chromatic color that appears visually halfway in lightness between pure black and pure white has a value notation of 5/. Lighter colors are indicated by numbers ranging above five, while darker ones are indicated by numbers ranging below five. Chroma is shown as angularly radiating spokes 2d extending from post 22 through band 20. Chroma indicates the saturation or degree of departure of a particular hue from a neutral gray of the same value. The scales of chroma extend from /0 for a neutral gray out to I14 or farther, depending upon the strength of the individual color. A color classified popularly as vermillion" might have a chroma as strong as I12 while another color of the same hue and value classified popularly as rose might have a chroma as weak as [4. The complete notation for any chromatic color is written hue value/chroma, or symbolically II V/C. A particular sample of vermillion might then have a Munsell notation of R 5/ 12.

The kit of FIG. 2 consists of a cabinet having a base 20 in the form of an open top box and a cover 22 in the form of a fiap hinged together along an edge as at 2A. Both the base and the cover are composed, for example, of cardboard. Within base 20 are a series of racks 26 that are provided with partitions for the reception of tubes 2% of oil base pigment. The tubes are arranged in eight rows 36) and four columns 32, the tubes of any row being of the same value and the tubes of different rows being of different values. A chart 33 having rows and columns of blocks corresponding to the rows and columns of tubes 2b, is such that each block carries a Munsell color designation corresponding to the Munsell color designation of its corresponding tube. In the illustrated embodiment the pigments are characterized as follows:

4 v o/a BP 611 R 6/14 6/12 color media in any particular range and to display predicted Y 5/6 BF R G physical effects resulting from mixtures in paint of the mea- :3; g: 21:3 :21}: 2;? sured color media, as well as the illusions of light mixtures 3 y up R 216 0 produced through the juxtaposition of small particles of the il- 5 lustrated selected color media. Specifically, mask 68 displays analogous colors, mask 70 displays extended analogous It will be observed that the kit of FIG. 2 includes is replete 9 mask 72 displays complementary colors and mask 74 selection of basic colors from which a large variety of interdlslkiy8 extended complementary colorsmediate colors may be synthesized. More specifically, the 10 OPERATION AND CONCLUSION g of 1 red In operation, a user of any of the products of FIGS. 2, 3 and a a g 2.188 on e 9 i gl i s t fi 4, is enabled initially to mix given colors of like value in order {K on m a to achieve any predicted intermediate color of like value and mix a S o e Spec t i e pm uce then to mix the predicted intermediate color with other preselected admixtures. In the physical mixtures of most pigments l dtcted intermediate colors similarly achieved in order to presently available, Y does not result in a strong chroma when achieve a final predicted color. (The chromas in all of the the two components R and G are mixed to form it. Thus Y IS f ab! l t d di med be use in sin added to the palette selection. Qregomg are h m ca I h t P The palette of FIG. 3 is in the form of a support 40, comcan reach an P 7 3 L "F t f posed, for example, of wood or pressed cardboard, having left on y a mom," of the t ,eorenca "f g h c and right sections 42, 44 hinged together at 45 so that they can Selected chromas are the present 3 t at be folded to a closed compartment for portability. Section 42 they can bc degraded desred to P pracucal chrqma has a storage compartment 46 with a closure 48 and provides These prcfducts' m f Pmv'de ordered four rows 50 and four columns 52 of wells 54. Wells 54 in one '1 of standardzfidv P measured colored mefha form contain dispersions or solutions of pigments or dyes in an avfillable f use and Pmgrammed f for specific oil vehicle. Wells 54 in another form contain dispersions or ghldahceslhce canal" h g y bc made the F B I S solutions of pigments or dyes in a water vehicle. Wells 54 are dlsclosure Without depamng from the scope of lhvehhon provided with snap-on caps 56 for maintaining them hermetihereof, i is intended h all matter com'flined in l flbo'vfi cally sealed when not in use. A ad of aper 58 is affixed to descl'lphoh and Show" the accompahymg drawing be P P section 44 for use in mixing colors. In the illustrated embodiat l h j f and not!" a hmmhg Sensehe pigments are characterized as follows: at 1 0 time ls:

l. A kit for use in the fine and graphic arts, said kit comprisa. an organized array of color media of predetermined hue, value, and chroma, symbolized by the notation H V/C; at l 2 3 4 b. said hue, as quantitatively defined in accordance with the Munsell Color System, referring to the position of a color Y 8 14 BP 8 4 8 6 G a sensation in the spectrum, the hue of any indicating its 2 Y 4 BP 4 2 2 relation to the 10 major hue terms, viz red, yellow, green, 3 Y 4/4 BP 4/12 R4/l2 4/10 blue, purple, yellow-red, green-yellow, blue-green, pur- 4 Y 2/2 2/3 R 2/6 G W ple-blue and red-purple;

c. said value, as quantitatively defined in accordance with I the Munsell Color System, referring to the reflectance lu- The color char! of 4 comprises a base composedv minosity of a color in comparison with a measured stanfor example, of still paper of cardboard and at least one overdard in the form of a neutral gray scale, designated by N lay, in the present case three overlays 61, 64, 66, best Show m extending from a theoretically pure black symbolized by FIG. 4A, for registration therewith by means of hinges 68 at :g to a theoretically pure hi b li b v=1 edges of the base. Also associated with base are four masks said chroma referring to the purity of a color in the sense 68, 70, 72, 74, best shown in FIG. 48. Mounted on base 60 IS 50 of degree of departure from neutral gray toward the most an array of ch'ps 62 arrangd m 10 columns and e'ght intense color sensation of a particular hue, the scales of rows. Color chips 62 are characterized by an ordered arrangechroma extending from (3:0 for a neutral gray out to ment of hues, values and chromas. Overlays 61, 64,66 and C=14 or farther for the pure color; masks 74 vlsuauy pfesem q Isolated e. selected groupings of selected color media being isolated and related groups of color (2111p: of like value lwhenfollzcizeld 5 from other groupings of color media, each of said color g i L Onehor i posmogs s a 2 media in any such selected grouping being characterized g f s w S t e co or c arrange ase are by the same value as so quantitatively defined;

TABLE 3 YG G BG B B1 P 9/12 YG 9/10 G 9/6 BG 9/6 B 9/4 BP 9/2 P 9/2 8/14 YG 8/12 G 8/9 B G 8/8 B 8/6 BP 8/4 P 8/4 7/12 YG 7/14 G 7/10 13G 7/10 13 7/10 BP 7/6 P 7/4 6/8 YG 6/12 G 6/12 13 G 6/12 13 6/12 BP 6/8 P 6/8 5/6 Y G 5/10 G 5/12 BG 5/14 B 5/14 13? 5/10 P 5/10 4/4 YG 4/6 G 4/10 13G 4/12 13 4/14 BP 4/12 P 4/12 3/2 YG 3/4 G 3/6 B G 3/8 B 3/12 B1 3/10 P 3/8 2/2 YG 2/2 G 2/4 BG 2/6 E 2/8 BP 2/8 P 2/6 As shown the indicated positions of the openings in overlays 70 61, 64, 66 expose predeterminately related chips 62 and the indicated positions of the openings in masks 68, 70, 72, 74 expose selectively related chips 62 based on the freely determined positions of the masks on the chart. In other words, the overlays and masks serve to facilitate the choice of measured f. v and visual partitioning means isolating said selected grouping from said other groupings;

g. said media being in the form of fluid colorants;

h. said visual partitioning means including holding means for removably positioning said media at predetermined locations within said kit.

groupings, each of said groupings having a different value. 2. A kit for use in the fine and graphic arts, said kit comprising:

a. an organized array of color media of predetermined hue,

value, and chroma, symbolized by the notation l-l V/C;

b. said hue, as quantitatively defined in accordance with the Munsell Color System, referring to the position ofa color sensation in the spectrum, the hue of any indicating its relation to the ten major hue terms, viz red, yellow, green, blue, purple, yellow-red, green-yellow, blue-green, purple-blue and red-purple;

c. said value, as quantitatively defined in accordance with the Munsell Color System, referring to the reflectance luminosity of a color in comparison with a measured standard in the form of a neutral gray scale, designated by N, extending from a theoretically pure black symbolized by V=0 to a theoretically pure white symbolized by V=l0;

d. said chroma referring to the purity of a color in the sense of degree of departure from neutral gray toward the most intense color sensation of a particular hue, the scales of chroma extending from C=0 for a neutral gray out to C=14 or farther for the pure color;

e. selected groupings of selected color media being isolated from other groupings of color media, each of said color media in any such selected grouping being characterized by the same value as so quantitatively defined;

f. and visual partitioning means isolating said selected grouping from said other groupings;

g. said media being in the form of fluid colorants;

h. said visual partitioning means including holding means for removably positioning said media at predetermined locations within said ltit.

. said groupings each including four media, respectively designated by hue terms including yellow, blue-purple, red and green;

j. said array including between four and eight of said groupings, each of said groupings having a different value. 

1. A kit for use in the fine and graphic arts, said kit comprising: a. an organized array of color media of predetermined hue, value, and chroma, symbolized by the notation H V/C; b. said hue, as quantitatively defined in accordance with the Munsell Color System, referring to the position of a color sensation in the spectrum, the hue of any indicating its relation to the 10 major hue terms, viz red, yellow, green, blue, purple, yellow-red, green-yellow, blue-green, purple-blue and red-purple; c. said value, as quantitatively defined in accordance with the Munsell Color System, referring to the reflectance luminosity of a color in comparison with a measured standard in the form of a neutral gray scale, designated by N, extending from a theoretically pure black symbolized by V 0 to a theoretically pure white symbolized by V 10; d. said chroma referring to the purity of a color in the sense of degree of departure from neutral gray toward the most intense color sensation of a particular hue, the scales of chroma extending from C 0 for a neutral gray out to C 14 or farther for the pure color; e. selected groupings of selected coloR media being isolated from other groupings of color media, each of said color media in any such selected grouping being characterized by the same value as so quantitatively defined; f. and visual partitioning means isolating said selected grouping from said other groupings; g. said media being in the form of fluid colorants; h. said visual partitioning means including holding means for removably positioning said media at predetermined locations within said kit. i. said groupings each consisting of four media respectively having only the hues of yellow, blue-purple, red and green; j. said array including between four and eight of said groupings, each of said groupings having a different value.
 2. A kit for use in the fine and graphic arts, said kit comprising: a. an organized array of color media of predetermined hue, value, and chroma, symbolized by the notation H V/C; b. said hue, as quantitatively defined in accordance with the Munsell Color System, referring to the position of a color sensation in the spectrum, the hue of any indicating its relation to the ten major hue terms, viz red, yellow, green, blue, purple, yellow-red, green-yellow, blue-green, purple-blue and red-purple; c. said value, as quantitatively defined in accordance with the Munsell Color System, referring to the reflectance luminosity of a color in comparison with a measured standard in the form of a neutral gray scale, designated by N, extending from a theoretically pure black symbolized by V 0 to a theoretically pure white symbolized by V 10; d. said chroma referring to the purity of a color in the sense of degree of departure from neutral gray toward the most intense color sensation of a particular hue, the scales of chroma extending from C 0 for a neutral gray out to C 14 or farther for the pure color; e. selected groupings of selected color media being isolated from other groupings of color media, each of said color media in any such selected grouping being characterized by the same value as so quantitatively defined; f. and visual partitioning means isolating said selected grouping from said other groupings; g. said media being in the form of fluid colorants; h. said visual partitioning means including holding means for removably positioning said media at predetermined locations within said kit. i. said groupings each including four media, respectively designated by hue terms including yellow, blue-purple, red and green; j. said array including between four and eight of said groupings, each of said groupings having a different value. 